Backround
Definition
Presentation over a site
Models
topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)
see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory
Basic concepts
fiber space, space attachment
Extra stuff, structure, properties
Kolmogorov space, Hausdorff space, regular space, normal space
sequentially compact, countably compact, locally compact, sigma-compact, paracompact, countably paracompact, strongly compact
Examples
Basic statements
closed subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are equivalently compact subspaces
open subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are locally compact
compact spaces equivalently have converging subnet of every net
continuous metric space valued function on compact metric space is uniformly continuous
paracompact Hausdorff spaces equivalently admit subordinate partitions of unity
injective proper maps to locally compact spaces are equivalently the closed embeddings
locally compact and second-countable spaces are sigma-compact
Theorems
Analysis Theorems
A D-topological -groupoid is an ∞-groupoid equipped with cohesion in the form D-topology, as in D-topological spaces/Delta-generated topological spaces. The latter are among the concrete 0-truncated? D-topological -groupoids, containing, in particular, the topological manifolds.
Examples of 1-truncated objects in D-topological -groupoids are topological groupoids/topological stacks which are presented by internal groupoids in D-topological spaces (hence degree-wise concrete).
More generally, every simplicial topological space whose topology is degreewise D-topological canonically presents a D-topological -groupoid. Various constructions with simplicial toppological spaces find their natural home in this (∞,1)-topos. For instance:
geometric realization of simplicial topological manifolds is equivalently the image of the corresponding Euclidean-topological -groupoid under the canonical fundamental ∞-groupoid in a locally ∞-connected (∞,1)-topos.
topological simplicial principal bundles over topological simplicial groups are the corresponding principal ∞-bundles in classified by its internal cohomology.
Let CartSp be the site whose underlying category has as objects the Cartesian spaces , equipped with the Euclidean topology and as morphisms the continuous maps between them; and whose coverage is given by good open covers.
The (∞,1)-topos is a cohesive (∞,1)-topos.
The site CartSp an ∞-cohesive site. See there for details.
For completeness we record general properties of cohesive (∞,1)-toposes implied by this.
is
of cohomological dimension 0;
of homotopy dimension 0;
of the shape of an (∞,1)-topos of the point.
We say that defines Euclidean-topological cohesion. An object in we call a Euclidean-topological -groupoid.
Write TopMfd for the category of topological manifolds. This becomes a large site with the open cover coverage. We have an equivalence of (∞,1)-categories
with the hypercompletion of the (∞,1)-category of (∞,1)-sheaves on TopMfd.
Since every topological manifold admits an open cover by open balls homeomorphic to a Cartesian space it follows that CartSp is a dense sub-site of . Accordingly the categories of sheaves are equivalent
By the discussion at model structure on simplicial sheaves it follows that the hypercomplete (∞,1)-toposes over these sites are equivalent
But by the above proposition we have that before hypercompletion is cohesive. This means that it is in particular a local (∞,1)-topos. By the discussion there, this means that it already coincides with its hypercompletion, .
Write for the 1-category of Hausdorff topological spaces and continuous maps. There is a canonical functor
given by sending a topological space to the 0-truncated (∞,1)-sheaf (= sheaf) on CartSp externally represented by under the embedding :
The functor exhibits TopMfd as a full sub-(∞,1)-category of
With the above proposition this follows directly by the (∞,1)-Yoneda lemma.
We dicuss some aspects of the presentation of by model category structures.
Let be the Cech-local projective model structure on simplicial presheaves. This is a presentation of
Also the model structure on simplicial sheaves is a presentation
The first statement is a special case of the general discussion at model structure on simplicial presheaves. Similarly, by the general discussion at model structure on simplicial sheaves we have that this presents the hypercompletion of the (∞,1)-category of (∞,1)-sheaves. But by the above already is hypercomplete.
Moreover:
is also the hypercompletion of the (∞,1)-topos presented by the local model structure on simplicial presheaves over all of Mfd (or over any small dense sub-site such as for instance the full sub-category of manifolds bounded in size by some regular cardinal).
By the above proposition.
While the model structures on simplicial presheaves over both sites present the same (∞,1)-category, they lend themselves to different computations:
the model structure over has more fibrant objects and hence fewer cofibrant objects, while the model structure over has more cofibrant objects and fewer fibrant objects. More specifically:
Let be an object that is globally fibrant , separated and locally trivial, meaning that
is an inhabited Kan complex for all ;
for every covering in Mfd the descent comparison morphism is a full and faithful (∞,1)-functor;
for contractible we have .
Then the restriction of along is a fibrant object in the local model structure .
The fibrant objects in the local model structure are precisely those that are Kan complexes over every object and for which the descent morphism is an equivalence for all covers.
The first condition is given by the first assumption. The second and third assumptions imply the second condition over contractible manifolds, such as the Cartesian spaces.
Let be a topological group, regarded as the presheaf over Mfd that it represents. Write (see the notation at simplicial group) for the simplicial presheaf on given by the nerve of the topological groupoid . (This is a presentation of the delooping of the 0-truncated ∞-group , see the discussion below. )
The fibrant resolution of in is (the rectification of) its stackification: the stack of topological -principal bundles. But the canonical morphism
is a full and faithful functor (over each object ): it includes the single object of as the trivial -principal bundle. The automorphism of the single object in over are -valued continuous functions on , which are precisely the automorphisms of the trivial -bundle. Therefore this inclusion is full and faithful, the presheaf is a separated prestack.
Moreover, it is locally trivial: every Cech cocycle for a -bundle over a Cartesian space is equivalent to the trivial one. Equivalently, also .
Therefore , when restricted , does become a fibrant object in .
On the other hand, let be any non-contractible manifold. Since in the projective model structure on simplicial presheaves every representable is cofibrant, this is a cofibrant object in . However, it fails to be cofibrant in . Instead, there a cofibrant replacement is given by the Cech nerve of any good open cover .
This yields two different ways to compute the first nonabelian cohomology
in on with coefficients in , as
;
.
In the first case we need to construct the fibrant replacement . This amounts to computing -cocycles = -bundles over all manifolds and then evaluate on the given one, , by the 2-Yoneda lemma.
In the second case however we cofibrantly replace by a good open cover, and then find the Cech cocycles with coefficients in on that.
For ordinary -bundles the difference between the two computations may be irrelevant in practice, because ordinary -bundles are very well understood. However for more general coefficient objects, for instance general topological simplicial groups , the first approach requires to find the full ∞-stackification to the ∞-stack of all principal ∞-bundles, while the second approach requires only to compute specific coycles over one specific base object. In practice the latter is often all that one needs.
We discuss what some of the general abstract Structures in a cohesive (∞,1)-topos look like in the model .
As usual, write
for the defining quadruple of adjoint (∞,1)-functors that refine the global section (∞,1)-geometric morphism to ∞Grpd.
By the general properties of cohesive (∞,1)-toposes with an ∞-cohesive site of definition, every ∞-group object is presented by a presheaf of simplicial groups. For among these are the simplicial topological groups. See there for more details.
We discuss the realization of the fundamental ∞-groupoid in a locally ∞-connected (∞,1)-topos in .
Let be a paracompact topological space such that that admits a good open cover by open balls (for instance a paracompact manifold).
Then is equivalent to the standard fundamental ∞-groupoid of a topological space that is presented by the singular simplicial complex
Equivalently, under geometric realization we have that there is a weak homotopy equivalence
By the discussion at ∞-cohesive site we have an equivalence to the derived functor of the sSet-colimit functor .
To compute this derived functor, let be a good open cover by open balls, hence homeomorphically by Cartesian space. By goodness of the cover the Cech nerve is degreewise a coproduct of representables, hence a split hypercover. By the discussion at model structure on simplicial presheaves we have that in this case the canonical morphism
is a cofibrant resolution of in . Accordingly we have
Using the equivalence of categories and that colimits in presheaf categories are computed objectwise and finally using that the colimit of a representable functor is the point (an incarnation of the Yoneda lemma) we have that is presented by the Kan complex that is obtained by contracting in the Cech nerve each open subset to a point.
The classical nerve theorem asserts that this implies the claim.
We may regard Top itself as a cohesive (∞,1)-topos. . This is discussed at discrete ∞-groupoid.
Using this the above proposition may be stated as saying that for a paracompact topological space that admits a good open cover we have
Let be a good simplicial topological space that is degreewise paracompact and degreewise admits a good open cover, regarded naturally as an object .
We have that the intrinsic coincides under geometric realization with the ordinary geometric realization of simplicial topological spaces
Write for Dugger’s cofibrant replacement functor on (discussed at model structure on simplicial presheaves). On a simplicially constant simplicial presheaf it is given by
where the coproduct in the integrand of the coend is over all sequences of morphisms from representables to as indicated. On a general simplicial presheaf it is given by
which is the simplicial presheaf that over any takes as value the diagonal of the bisimplicial set whose -entry is .
Since coends are special colimits, the colimit functor itself commutes with them and we find
By the discussion at Reedy model structure this coend is a homotopy colimit over the simplicial diagram
By the above proposition we have for each weak equivalences , so that
By the discussion at geometric realization of simplicial topological spaces, this maps to the homotopy colimit of the simplicial topological space , which is just its geometric realizaiton if it is proper.
We discuss the notion of geometric path ∞-groupoids realized in .
In the above constructions of the actual paths are not explicit. We discuss here presentations of in terms of actual paths.
Let be a a paracompact topological space, regarded as an object of . Then is presented by the constant simplicial presheaf
Possibly more natural would seem to look at the topological Kan complex that remembers the topology on the spaces of paths:
For a paracompact topological space, define the simplicial presheaf
Also is a presentation of
For each fixed the inclusion of simplicial sets
is a weak homotopy equivalence, since is contractible.
Therefore the inclusion of simplicial presheaves
is a weak equivalence in . This implies the claim with prop. .
Typically one is interested in mapping out of . While it is clear that is cofibrant in , it is harder to determine the necessary resolutions of .
We dicuss aspects of the intrinsic cohomology of and of the principal ∞-bundles that it classifies.
Let ∞Grpd be any discrete ∞-groupoid. Write Top for its geometric realization. For any topological space, the nonabelian cohomology of with coefficients in is the set of homotopy classes of maps
We say itself is the cocycle ∞-groupoid for -valued nonabelian cohomology on .
Similarly, for two e-topological -groupoids, write
for the intrinsic cohomology of on with coefficients in .
Let ∞Grpd, write for the corresponding discrete topological ∞-groupoid. Let be a paracompact topological space regarded as a 0-truncated Euclidean-topological -groupoid.
We have an isomorphism of cohomology sets
and in fact an equivalence of cocycle ∞-groupoids
By the -adjunction of the locally ∞-connected (∞,1)-topos we have
From this the claim follows by the above proposition.
Let be a well-pointed simplicial topological group degreewise in TopMfd. Then the -functor preserves homotopy fibers of all morphisms of the form that are presented in by morphism of the form with fibrant.
Notice that since (∞,1)-sheafification preserves finite (∞,1)-limits we may indeed discuss the homotopy fiber in the global model structure on simplicial presheaves.
Write for the global cofibrant resolution given by , where the range over . (Discussed at model structure on simplicial presheaves – cofibrant replacement. ) This has degeneracies splitting off as direct summands, and hence is a good simplicial topological space that is degreewise in TopMfd. Consider then the pasting of two pullback diagrams of simplicial presheaves
By the discussion at geometric realization of simplicial topological spaces we have that the rightmost vertical morphism is a fibration in . Since fibrations are stable under pullback, the middle vertical morphism is also a fibration (as is the leftmost one). Since the global model structure is a right proper model category it follows then that also the top left horizontal morphism is a weak
Since the square on the right is a pullback of fibrant objects with one morphism being a fibration, is a presentation of the homotopy fiber of . Hence so is , which is moreover the pullback of a diagram of good simplicial spaces.
By prop. we have that on the outer diagram is presented by geometric realization of simplicial topological spaces . By the discussion of realization of simplicial principal bundles there, we have a pullback in
which exhibits as the homotopy fiber of . But this is a model for .
See twisted bundle .
We discuss geometric Whitehead towers in .
Let be a pointed] [[paracompact topological space that admits a good open cover. Then its ordinary Whitehead tower in Top coincides with the image under the intrinsic fundamental ∞-groupoid functor of its geometric Whitehead tower in :
By the general discussion at Whitehead tower in an (∞,1)-topos the geometric Whitehead tower is characterized for each by the fiber sequence
By the above proposition on the fundamental ∞-groupoid we have that . Since is right adjoint and hence preserves homotopy fibers this implies that , where is the ordinary th homotopy group of the pointed topological space .
Then by the above proposition on geometric realization of homotopy fibers we have that under the space maps to the homotopy fiber of .
By induction over this implies the claim.
Let be an ∞-connected site. We give an explicit presentation of the constant path inclusion in the locally ∞-connected (∞,1)-topos over such that the component maps are cofibrations.
The projective model structure on simplicial presheaves has a set of generating cofibrations
See model structure on functors for details.
Write
for the functor given by applying the small object argument to this set to obtain a functorial factorization of the terminal morphisms into a cofibration followed by an acyclic fibration
Let
be the Yoneda extension (left Kan extension through the Yoneda embedding) of this functor to all of .
For the simplicial presheaf is a resolution of the (nerve of the) fundamental groupoid :
the non-degenerate components of at the first stage of the small object argument are such that a map out of them into a simplicial presheaf are given by commuting diagrams
This is a -parameterized family of objects of together with a -parameterized family of morphisms of associated to the pairs of points , hence to the “straight paths” from to . At the next stage for every triangle of such straight path a 2-morphism is thrown in, and so on. So indeed is an -groupoid of paths in .
The functor is the left adjoint of a Quillen adjunction
Its left derived functor is equivalent to the intrinsic fundamental ∞-groupoid in a locally ∞-connected (∞,1)-topos
and the constant path inclusion is presented by the canonical natural transformation .
On an arbitrary simplicial presheaf the functor is given by the coend
By construction this preserves all colimits. Hence by the adjoint functor theorem (using that domain and codomain are presheaf categories) we have that is a left adjoint. Explicitly, the right adjoint is given by
We check that is also a left Quillen functor first for the global projective model structure. For that, notice that the above expression is the evaluation of the left Quillen bifunctor (see the examples-section there for details)
Since every representable is cofibrant in and since is a cofibration by the small object argument, we have that is cofibrant in for all . This means that also is cofibrant in . Since is a left Quillen bifunctor it follows that is a left Quillen functor. Hence it preserves cofibrations and acyclic cofibrations.
This establishes that is a left simplicial Quillen functor on .
Since this is a left proper model category we have by the discussion at simplicial Quillen adjunction that for showing that this does descend to the local model structure it is sufficient to check that the right adjoint preserves local fibrant objects. Which, in turn, is implied if send covering Cech nerves to weak equivalences.
Let therefore be the Cech nerve of a covering family in the site . We may write this as the coend
where by assumption on the ∞-connected site all the are representable. By precomposing the projection with the objectwise Bousfield-Kan map that replaces the simplices with the fat simplex , we get the morphisms
Here the first map is an objectwise weak equivalence by Bousfield-Kan (see the examples at Reedy model structure for details). Hence by 2-out-of-3 we may equivalently check that sends these morphisms to weak equivalences in .
Since commutes with all colimits and hence coends the result of applying it to this morphism is
Since the fat simplex is cofibrant in and since the above is an evaluation of the left Quillen bifunctor
the functor is left Quillen and hence preserves weak equivalences between cofibrant objects (by the factorization lemma), such as the morphisms . Therefore we have a commuting diagram
with weak equivalences in as indicated: the top morphism is a weak equivalence by the argument just given, the bottom one by the small object argument-construction of and the right vertical morphism is a weak equivalence by the assumption on an ∞-connected site. It follows by 2-out-of-3 that also the left vertical morphism is a weak equivalence.
This establishes the fact that is left Quillen on the local model structure on simplicial presheaves. By the discussion at simplicial Quillen adjunction this implies that its left derived functor is a left adjoint (∞,1)-functor. Hence it preserves (∞,1)-colimits and so is determined on representatives. There does coindice with , hence both (∞,1)-functors are equivalent.
For all cofibrant , the de Rham coefficient object is presented by the ordinary pushout
in .
By definition we have that is the (∞,1)-pushout in . By the above proposition we have a cofibrant presentation of the pushout diagram as indicated (all three objects cofibrant, at least one of the two morphisms a cofibration). By the general discussion at homotopy colimit the ordinary pushout of that diagram does compute the (∞,1)-colimit.
We discuss that the homotopy localization of topological -groupoids reproduces Top ∞Grpd, following (Dugger).
A central result about the (∞,1)-topos of ∞-stacks on Top is that the homotopy localization is equivalent to Top itself
A discussion of this is in (the nice but not quite finished) (Dugger).
In fact, this is true even for Lie ∞-groupoids, i.e. ∞-stacks on Diff: the homotopy invariant ones model plain topological spaces.
This provides a useful resolution of topological spaces that often helps to disentangle the two different roles played by a topological space: on the one hand as a model for an ∞-groupoid, in the other as a locale.
Let be the local model structure on simplicial presheaves obtained by left Bousfield localization at the Cech nerves of Cech covers with respect to the standard Grothendieck topology on Diff. This is a model for ∞-stacks on Diff.
Let be furthermore the left Bousfield localization at the set of projection morphisms out of products of the form for all . The -stacks that are local objects with respect to these morphisms are the homotopy invariant -stacks, so this localization models the (∞,1)-topos of homotopy invariant -stacks on .
There is a adjunction
where sends a simplicial set to the simplicial presheaf constant on that simplicial set, and where evaluates a simplicial presheaf on the manifold that is the point.
This adjunction is a Quillen equivalence with respect to the standard model structure on simplicial sets on the left and the above model structure on the right.
D-topological space space?, diffeological space
Section 3.2 in
Some discussion of the -category of -sheaves on the category of manifolds and its restriction to open balls and a discussion of its homotopy localization is in:
Discussion of geometric realization of simplicial topological principal bundles and of their classifying spaces is in
David Roberts, Danny Stevenson, Simplicial principal bundle in parameterized spaces (arXiv:1203.2460)
Danny Stevenson, Classifying theory for simplicial parametrized groups (arXiv:1203.2461)
Last revised on April 9, 2023 at 18:42:43. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.